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If we talk about the design Artificial intelligence is being used to create new fashion designs, predict trends, and make clothing more personalized for individual consumers. For example, True Fit uses AI to create custom-fit clothing for its customers. The company's AI algorithm analyzes a customer's body measurements and clothing preferences to create a personalized fit. Let's move on to manufacturing AI is being used to improve fashion production efficiency and sustainability further. For example, Levi Strauss & Co. The company is using AI to reduce fabric wastage in its production. The company's AI algorithm analyzes fabric usage patterns in its factories, identifying where the amount of wastage can be reduced. Tell me how to leave the side of marketing? Let's see AI is being used to create personalized marketing campaigns and match customer needs with relevant products. For example, the company Zalando uses AI to analyze customer data to create personalized recommendations for clothing and accessories. The company's AI algorithm analyzes customers' purchase history, browsing behavior and social media activity to suggest products they may be interested in. Now come for retail AI is being used to improve the customer experience. For example, the company Nordstrom is using AI to create virtual fitting rooms that allow customers to try them on without leaving their homes. The company's AI algorithm creates a virtual avatar that uses the customer's body measurements and clothing preferences and gives the trial. AI is still in its early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionize the fashion industry. By automating arduous tasks, improving efficiency, and personalizing experiences, AI can help fashion businesses save money, reduce waste, and increase customer satisfaction. Let's know the challenges that the fashion industry will face for AI: 1. Data Privacy: Fashion businesses collect a lot of information about their customers (e.g. purchase history, browsing history, and social media activity). This data is valuable for AI applications, but it also poses risks regarding data privacy. Fashion industries must be transparent about the collection and use of customer data and take steps to protect customer privacy. 2. Job Displacement: AI is automating tasks in the fashion industry and this could lead to job displacement. Fashion businesses must prepare for this possibility, and develop plans to retrain and rehire displaced workers. Overall, AI is a powerful tool capable of revolutionizing the fashion industry. However, fashion businesses need to be aware of the challenges associated with AI and take steps to mitigate these challenges. So, That’s in short. Stay with us for more exciting posts.

In the world of commerce, there exist four distinct types of natural silk. Among them, mulberry silk reigns supreme, accounting for as much as 90 percent of global production. As a result, when people refer to "silk" in a general sense, they are typically referring to the silk produced by the mulberry silkworm. The remaining three commercially important varieties are classified as non-mulberry silks: Eri silk, Tasar silk, and Muga silk. Additionally, there exist various other types of non-mulberry silk, predominantly found in the wilds of Africa and Asia. These include Anaphe silk, Fagara silk, Coan silk, Mussel silk, and Spider silk. Mulberry Silk Mulberry silk is the most commonly used silk fibre in the textile industry. It is produced by the Bombyx mori silkworm, which feeds on the leaves of mulberry trees. This silk is known for its lustrous appearance, durability, and softness. It has a fine and uniform texture, making it ideal for high-end fashion garments, such as dresses, blouses, and scarves. Mulberry silk has excellent tensile strength, elasticity, and moisture absorption properties. It is also highly resistant to wrinkles and creases, making it an ideal fabric for travel wear. Mulberry silk is available in various colours, including white, cream, and ivory. It is mainly produced in China, Japan, and India. Tussar Silk The genus Antheraea comprises the Tussar silkworms, which are all classified as wild silkworms. A variety of Tussar silkworms exist, such as the Chinese Tussar silkworm, Antheraea pernyi Guerin, which is the largest non-mulberry silk producer globally. The Indian Tussar silkworm, Antheraea mylittle Dury, follows closely in significance. Additionally, the Japanese tussar silkworm, Antheraea yamamai Querin, is indigenous to Japan and yields green silk thread. The Chinese and Japanese Tussar worms feed on oak leaves and related species, while the Indian Tussar worms subsist on Terminalia leaves and other minor host plants. These worms are either uni- or bivoltine, and, like the mulberry silkworm cocoons, their cocoons can be unraveled into raw silk. It is mainly produced in India, China, and Japan. Eri Silk Eri silk is also known as Endi or Errandi silk. It is produced by the Samia ricini silkworm, which feeds on castor leaves. This silk fibre is known for its rich texture and warmth, making it ideal for winter wear. It has a slightly rough texture, similar to cotton, and is commonly used to make shawls, jackets, and other warm clothing. Eri silk has excellent insulation properties, making it ideal for cold climates. It is also highly breathable, making it comfortable to wear in warmer weather. This silk is available in a range of colours, including white, beige, and brown. Eri silk is mainly produced in India, China, and Thailand. Muga Silk Muga silk is a rare and expensive silk fibre that is produced by the Antheraea assamensis silkworm. This silk is known for its natural golden colour, lustrous appearance, and high durability. Muga silk has a unique texture and is commonly used to make traditional Assamese garments, such as mekhela chador and sarees. Muga silk has excellent tensile strength and is highly resistant to wrinkles and creases. It also has a natural sheen that gives it a luxurious look and feel. Muga silk is mainly produced in Assam, India. Anaphe silk Silk fibres originating from silkworms belonging to the Anaphe genus are produced in central and southern Africa. These silkworm species include A. moloneyi Druce, A. panda Boisduval, A. reticulate Walker, A. ambrizia Butler, A. carteri Walsingham, A. venata Butler, and A. infracta Walsingham. These worms spin their cocoons communally, each cocoon being enclosed by a delicate silk layer. These cocoons are collected from the forest by tribal people, who extract the fluff and spin it into a raw silk that is soft and has a moderate sheen. The silk obtained from A. infracta is referred to locally as "book", and that from A. moleneyi as "Trisnian-tsamia" and "koko" (Tt). Anaphe silk is more elastic and stronger than mulberry silk and is often used in velvet and plush textiles. Fagara silk The production of Fagara silk involves obtaining cocoons from the giant silk moth Attacus atlas L. and several related species or races present in the Indo-Australian biogeographic region, China, and Sudan. The cocoons spun by these moths are light-brown and measure approximately 6 cm in length, with peduncles of varying lengths ranging from 2 to 10 cm. Coan silk Pachypasa atus D., a type of larvae found in the Mediterranean biogeographic region (southern Italy, Greece, Romania, Turkey, etc.), primarily feed on trees like pine, ash cypress, juniper, and oak. These larvae spin white cocoons that measure around 8.9 cm x 7.6 cm. In the past, this silk was popularly used for producing crimson-dyed clothing worn by Roman dignitaries. However, commercial production of this silk ceased long ago due to its limited output and the emergence of superior silk varieties. Mussel silk While the non-mulberry silks discussed earlier are derived from insects, mussel silk is obtained from a bivalve mollusk called Pinna squamosa. These mussels are found in shallow waters along the Italian and Dalmatian shores of the Adriatic Sea. The mussel secretes a robust brown filament, also known as byssus, to anchor itself to a rock or other surface. The byssus is combed and spun into a silk popularly known as "fish wool." The production of this silk is mostly limited to Taranto, Italy. Spider silk Spider silk, which is another non-insect variety, is known for its softness and fineness, as well as its remarkable strength and elasticity. Commercial production of this silk is derived from certain species found in Madagascar, such as Nephila madagascarensis, Miranda aurentia, and Epeira. The spinning tubes or spinnerets are located in the fourth and fifth abdominal segments of these spiders. About a dozen individuals are confined to a frame by their abdominal part, from which the accumulated fiber is reeled out four or five times a month. Due to the high cost of production, spider silk is not commonly used in the textile industry. However, its durability and resistance to extreme temperatures and humidity make it essential for crosshairs in optical instruments. In conclusion, silk is a versatile and luxurious fibre that has been used in textiles for centuries. Each type of silk fibre has its own unique properties and characteristics, making it suitable for different types of garments and home furnishings. By understanding the physical and chemical properties of each type of silk fibre, designers and manufacturers can create high-quality products that meet the needs and preferences of their customers. Image Source: https://inserco.org/en/types_of_silk Key Words Mulberry silk Tussar silk Eri silk Natural protein fibre Luxurious feel Shimmering appearance Fine texture Softness Luster Strong and durable Natural golden colour Textured appearance Coarse fibre Sericin Fibroin Sustainable Eco-friendly Samia ricini silkworm Bombyx mori silkworm Wild silk.

#AQL #AQLCHART #Textile #TextileCoach #AcceptableQualityLevel #Garment #Garment Quality Introduction In the garment industry, quality control is a vital aspect of the production process. AQL (Acceptable Quality Level) system is one of the most commonly used methods for controlling product quality. This system helps to ensure that garments meet the required quality standards and are free from defects. This article will explore the AQL system in the garment industry, including what it is, how it works, and its benefits. What is AQL? AQL stands for Acceptable Quality Level. It is a statistical sampling method used to determine the quality of a batch of products. The AQL system defines the maximum number of defective products that can be present in a batch of goods, and it ensures that the products meet the specified quality standards. The AQL system has become a popular quality control method in the garment industry due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ability to produce reliable results. How AQL Works The AQL system works by inspecting a sample of products from a batch. The sample is selected randomly, and the number of products to be inspected is based on the AQL level. The AQL method involves selecting a random sample of garments from a batch and inspecting them for defects or flaws. The number of garments inspected and the acceptable number of defects are determined by the AQL level, which is agreed upon between the manufacturer and the buyer. For example, if the AQL level is set at 2.5, it means that no more than 2.5% of the garments in the batch can have defects or flaws. The sample size is determined based on the size of the batch, and the inspection is carried out according to established quality control procedures. If the number of defects found in the sample exceeds the acceptable level, the entire batch may be rejected, or a certain percentage may be reworked or repaired before being shipped to the buyer. The AQL method is an effective way to ensure that garments meet the required quality standards while also reducing the cost and time involved in inspecting every single garment in a batch. It is widely used in the apparel industry, and manufacturers and buyers alike rely on it to maintain the quality of their products. Benefits of Using AQL Consistency: The AQL system ensures that the quality of the apparel products is consistent with the desired standards. This helps to maintain the brand image and customer satisfaction. Cost-effective: AQL system helps to identify and reject defective products before they reach the customers, reducing the cost of rework, returns, and potential liability. Objective measurement: The AQL system provides an objective measure of the quality of the products, which reduces the chances of bias or subjective evaluation. Standardization: AQL system provides a standardized method for quality control, which can be easily communicated and understood by all stakeholders. Early detection: The AQL system helps to detect and correct quality issues early in the production process, which reduces the risk of production delays or costly recalls. Quality improvement: By monitoring and analyzing the AQL data, the apparel industry can identify the root causes of quality issues and take corrective actions to improve the overall quality of the products. Risk management: The AQL system helps to mitigate the risk of quality-related lawsuits, reputation damage, and financial losses due to poor-quality products. Different Types of AQL Systems In the apparel industry, there are various AQL systems that are used to determine the acceptable quality level of a batch of garments. The most commonly used AQL systems are as follows: Single Sampling Plan: In this system, a single sample of garments is randomly selected from a batch, and the number of defects found in the sample is used to determine the acceptance or rejection of the entire batch. Double Sampling Plan: This system involves two stages of sampling, with the second sample being taken only if the first sample fails to meet the acceptance criteria. The number of defects found in both samples is used to determine the acceptance or rejection of the batch. Multiple Sampling Plan: This system involves the inspection of multiple samples from a batch, with each sample being inspected sequentially until an acceptance or rejection decision is reached. Sequential Sampling Plan: This system involves the inspection of samples in a predetermined sequence, with the decision to accept or reject the batch being made based on the results of the inspection of each sample. Skip-Lot Sampling Plan: This system is used for batches of garments that have a low defect rate and a high level of consistency in quality. In this system, some batches are skipped for inspection based on their previous inspection history. Each AQL system has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of a system used depends on various factors such as the size of the batch, the level of quality required, and the cost and time involved in the inspection process.
AQL definition, AQL standards, AQL sampling, AQL inspection, AQL tables, AQL calculation, AQL levels, AQL limits, AQL defects, AQL quality control, AQL acceptance criteria, AQL testing, AQL methodology, AQL in manufacturing, AQL in product inspection, AQL in quality assurance. Acceptable Quality Level (AQL), Quality control, Sampling plan, Defect rate, Inspection standards, Statistical process control

#Seacell #seaweed #seacellfibre #textilecoach #fibres Seaweed is a versatile and sustainable material that is increasingly being used in textiles. Seaweed fibres are an eco-friendly alternative to traditional textiles like cotton and polyester, which are environmentally damaging and unsustainable. Seaweed textile production has been around for centuries in Japan, but in recent years, it has gained popularity in the West as consumers become more environmentally conscious. In this article, we will explore seaweed fibre textiles, their benefits, and their potential impact on the fashion industry. What is SeaCell Fibre? Seacell fibre textiles are made from seaweed that has been harvested and processed into yarn or fabric. Seaweed is a type of algae that grows in the ocean, and it is abundant in many coastal regions around the world. The most common seaweed species used for textile production are kelp, dulse, and kombu. Sea Cell Fiber is a type of fabric that is made from a combination of seaweed and wood pulp. The seaweed used in this material is harvested from the ocean and is a sustainable resource. The seaweed is dried and ground into a powder, which is then combined with wood pulp to create a soft and breathable fabric. The manufacturing process of Sea Cell Fiber is also environmentally friendly. The production of this material involves a closed-loop system where the water used in the manufacturing process is recycled, and the waste is used as a natural fertilizer. Benefits of Sea Cell Fiber One of the most significant benefits of Sea Cell Fiber is its eco-friendliness. This material is made from sustainable resources and is biodegradable, making it a great alternative to traditional fabrics that are harmful to the environment. Additionally, the manufacturing process of Sea Cell Fiber uses less energy and produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than other textile production processes. Sea Cell Fiber also has several benefits for the wearer. This material is incredibly soft and breathable, making it comfortable to wear. It is also moisture-wicking, meaning it can absorb moisture from the body and keep the wearer dry. This feature makes Sea Cell Fiber an excellent option for activewear and other clothing items that require breathability and moisture management. Another unique feature of Sea Cell Fiber is its ability to release beneficial minerals into the wearer's skin. Seaweed is rich in minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which can help improve skin health and reduce inflammation. When Sea Cell Fiber comes into contact with the skin, it releases these minerals, providing a natural skincare solution. Applications of Sea Cell Fiber Sea Cell Fiber can be used in a variety of textile applications, including clothing, bedding, and upholstery. This material is incredibly versatile and can be blended with other fibres to create unique and innovative textiles. Sea Cell Fiber is also a great option for eco-conscious brands that want to offer sustainable and eco-friendly products to their customers. Properties: Properties SeaCell Fibre Fibre Fineness (dtex) 1.7 Strength (cN/tex) >= 35 Wet Strength (cN/tex) >=30 Elongation % 13 Dry Elongation % 17 Wet Modulus (cN/tex) >=180 Sea Cell Fiber is a sustainable and innovative textile solution that offers several benefits to the environment and the wearer. This material is made from a combination of seaweed and wood pulp and is incredibly soft, breathable, and moisture-wicking. Additionally, Sea Cell Fiber has the unique ability to release beneficial minerals into the wearer's skin, making it a natural skincare solution. As the textile industry continues to shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly solutions, Sea Cell Fiber is a material that is sure to gain popularity.

#Textiles #CarbonFiber #TextileCoach Introduction: Carbon fibre, also termed “CF, “ is about 5-10 micrometres in diameter and is composed of 90 % carbon atoms in its mass. This fibre is produced by the carbonization of organic fibres. CF has various advantages like Low weight, High Strength, chemical resistance, high stiffness, low thermal expansion, and high-temperature resistance. Due to the above properties, CF has various applications like Military applications, Aerospace, Civil, Motorsports etc.… Classification: Based on various factors like Strength, Heat treatment temperature and Strength carbon fibre is classified as Based on Precursor fibre materials: PAN-base Pitch-base Mesophase Pitch-based Gas-phase-grown Rayon-base Based on carbon fibre properties: Ultra-high modulus, type UHM (Modulus >450Gpa) High-modulus, type HM (Modulus between 350-450Gpa) Intermediate Modulus, type IM (Modulus between 200-350Gpa) Low Modulus and High tensile type HT (Modulus < 100Gpa, Tensile strength > 3.0Gpa) Super High Tensile type SHT (Tensile Strength > 4.5Gpa) Based on Heat Treatment Temperature: Type-I, High Heat Treatment Carbon Fiber (HTT), where heat treatment temperature should be > 2000°C and can be associated with high modulus fibre. Type-II, Intermediate Heat Treatment carbon fibre (IHT), where heat treatment should be > 1500°C and can be associated with high strength type fibre. Type-III, Low Treatment Carbon Fiber, where final heat treatment temperatures are not greater than 1000°C. these are low modulus and low strength Materials. History of Carbon fibre: Applications: Aerospace, road and marine transport, sporting goods. Missiles, aircraft brakes, aerospace antenna and support structure, large telescopes, optical benches, and waveguides for stable high-frequency (GHz) precision measurement frames. Audio equipment, loudspeakers for Hi-fi equipment, pick-up arms, and robot arms. Automobile hoods, novel tooling, casings and bases for electronic equipment, EMI and RF shielding, and brushes. Medical applications in prostheses, surgery and x-ray equipment, implants, and tendon/ligament repair. Textile machinery, genera engineering. Chemical industry; nuclear field; valves, seals, and pump components in process plants. Large generator retaining rings, radiological equipment. Reference: https://www.materialsciencejournal.org/vol14no1/carbon-fibres-production-properties-and-potential-use/ https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/7123/characteristics-of-carbon-fibre https://textilestudycenter.com/carbon-fibre/

#Textile #Plant #Safety #PlantSafety Safety Safety is defined as being free from the occurrence of accidents. Accident The Accident is defined as an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which an action or reaction of an object, person, substance, radiation results in a person’s injury. Classification of Accidents Significance of safety in Industry Accident-free zone and safe atmosphere will result in improvement in the work culture. It will increase productivity. It will decrease the less labor turnover. It will increase the profits of the company. It results in the harmony of the company. Cost aspects of Accidents There are 2 types of costs. Direct Cost Indirect cost Direct cost It’s related to accident history like downtime cost, medical expenses, etc. It also includes the exgratia of the worker's family. Indirect cost It includes below. Cost of production Cost of machine replacement Cost of training a worker. Advantages of safety program in an industry Increased productivity Lower labor turnover Improves production Improved labor-management relation Substantial reduction in direct and indirect costs Causes of accidents: Unsafe acts of person: Taking unsafe posture or position Unsafe loading/placing Using unsafe equipment Making safety devices inoperative. Operating at an unsafe speed Failure to use protective devices The unsafe mechanical condition of the machine Poor ventilation Bad light or glare Improper height Defective, rough, sharp, slippery area of machine Unsafe cloths Unsafely arranged or poor housekeeping Not wearing mask/goggles or earbuds. Unsafe process(chemical/electrical/Nuclear) ​2% unpreventable 50% Practically preventable 98% preventable Safety Measures Improved physical and mechanical conditions Precautions are taken for the new machine Providing protective equipment Good housekeeping & odor Periodic inspection of machine and methods. Committed management Workers cooperation Strong and stable Trade unions Safety postures Safety contest Safety day/week Safety training We can measure the accidents from the below formulae. Interpretation: Safe-t-score is a dimensionless number and it is a statistical tool for measuring the rate of accidents. +ve Number= Worsened situation -ve Number= Improved situation If the score is between +2 & -2 change is not significant. If the score is >+2 record is significantly worst. If the score is <-2 record is better. Examples: Given the following data with respect to the industry at 2 different locations for 2 different places. Carry out safe-t-score test and interpretation. Location X: 2004 10 accidents 10^4 hours 2005 15 accidents 10^4 hours Location Y: 2004 1000 accidents 10^6 hours 2005 1100 accidents 10^6 hours Interpretation: Compare to 2 locations, location X is better. In location X even though the accidents increased by 50%, the change is not significant. It is in the range of -2 to +2 The situation in Y is worsen as t is >+2. A 10% Increase in accidents is highly significant. Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!

Picking: It is defined as the process of inserting weft yarn through the shed. It is the second Primary motion in weaving. The objective of picking: The objective of picking is to propel the weft carrying element or the weft yarn along the correct trajectory maintaining requisite velocity through the shed in order to provide lateral sets of yarn in the fabric. Type of picking mechanism: Negative/conventional Picking mechanism. Semi-Positive Picking mechanism. Positive / Unconventional picking mechanism. Negative/conventional Picking Mechanism: In this mechanism, the shuttle is used as a carrier and the weft yarn placed in it is called pirn. Functions of Negative picking: To deliver the shuttle along the correct flight path. To project the shuttle at a Predetermined velocity. Types of Negative picking: Over picking Under picking Semi-Positive Picking Mechanism: In this mechanism, the weft carrier travels into the shed through a weft carrier guide. Projectile loom is an example of a semi-positive picking mechanism. Positive Picking: In this type of picking the weft carrier is controlled mechanically i.e., air, water, needle, or rapier. Over Pick: In this type of picking mechanism, the picking arm position is situated above the shuttle box then it is known as over pick. Under Pick: In this type of picking mechanism, the picking arm position is situated Under the shuttle box then it is known as Under pick. Difference between Over pick and Under Pick S. No Over Pick Under Pick 1 The Picking arm is situated above the shuttle box The Picking arm is situated below the shuttle box 2 Looms with Over pick has higher speed Looms with Under pick mechanisms has Low speed 3 Looms with Over pick will consume less power Looms with Under pick mechanism will consume high power 4 Looms with Over pick mechanism runs smoothly Looms with Under pick mechanism runs less smoothly compared to Over pick looms 5 It is the less clean mechanism It is the more clean mechanism 6 Looms with Over pick mechanism has less wear and tear Looms with Under pick mechanism will have more wear and tear 7 This mechanism possesses gentle picking action This mechanism possesses Harsh picking action Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!

#Textile #Gate #Tf_Gate #Testing #FabricTesting #FabricGrading #Fabric #FabricInspection 10-point Fabric inspection system: It is one of the Fabric inspection systems where a maximum of 10 penalty points can be awarded to one defect. This system was introduced in 1955 which was adopted by Textile Distributors and the National Federation of Textiles. This is the earliest inspection system and is designed to identify defects and assign each defect a value based on the severity of the defect. Criteria for giving Penalty points: In this system warp and weft, direction faults are separately inspected and assigned defects points accordingly. In lengthwise/ warp way: Size of Defect Penalty Points Up to 1 inch 1 Point 1 to 5 inches 3 Points 5 to 10 inches 5 Points 10 to 36 inches 10 Points In Width wise / Weft way: Size of defect Penalty Up to 1 inch 1 point 1 to 5 inches 3 points 5 inches to Half the Width 5 points Half to full Width 10 points According to this system if the total defect points per 100 yards of fabric are 100 or more then the fabric will be rejected. Note: No one yard should be penalized more than 10 points. A combination of warp and weft defect running in one yard should not be penalized more than 10 points. Any warp or weft defect occurring repeatedly throughout the entire piece makes its “second”. Cloth is inspected on face side only unless specified. Grading: First Quality: A piece is graded as “First” if the total quality points do not exceed the total yardage of the piece. E.g. 100-yard piece got the penalized of 70. Second Quality: A piece is graded as “second” if the total penalty points exceeded the total yardage of the piece. Advantages of the 10-Point system: Oldest and most used in the woven finished fabric. In its length of fabric is used and along the length of warp and weft defects are indicated. Disadvantages of the 10-Point System: It was difficult in practical use. It has Width limitations. Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!

#Textiles #Sizing #WarpYarns Sizing: It is defined as the process of coating the yarn/warp sheets with the adhesive binder. Generally sizing is done to warp yarns to minimize the yarn breakages during the weaving process. Objectives of Sizing: To improve weavability of the warp or to overcome inherent deficiencies of the yarn to withstand the stresses and strains of weaving. This can be attained by improving primarily the abrasion resistance of the yarn. This in turn is achieved with the formation of a film around the yarn along with some penetration of sizing ingredients. What sizing should do: To improve the abrasion resistance of the yarn. To reduce the hairiness of the yarn. To reduce generation of static charge for polyester blend yarns. To improve the breaking strength of cellulosic yarns. What sizing should not do: Should not reduce the elongation-at-break of yarns below the norm. Should not excessively increase missing ends and cross-ends. Quality of sized beam: A perfect sized beam should have: Ends wound straight and parallel to each other, with no rolled, crossed, stuck, or loose ends. Uniform tension from end to end. Uniform warp density throughout the sized beam. Selvage ends not high or low but flat with the warp. Uniform applications of size. Performance Assessment: The real test of sizing lies in weaving. However, to check the performance of a sizing process, the following tests should be carried out: Percent size add-on. The moisture content of sized yarns. Single yarn breaking strength and elongation-at-break. Stretch on yarns during sizing. Lappers and migration of ends. Droppings at looms. Invisible loss of sizing ingredients. Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!

#Textile #Tf_Gate #Quality #FabricQuality #4PointSystem #FabricGradingSystem Fabric Inspection: It is defined as the process of maintaining the quality of raw materials used during the production of the finished product is known as inspection. Four Point System: In this system, one should inspect at least 10% of the total rolls in the shipment. Make sure that at least one roll from each color needs to be inspected. Criteria for giving penalty points: Note: a maximum of 4 points should be charged to one linear yard. Also, note that only “major” defects are charged. The acceptable score varies. Many countries use 40 points per 100 yards as an acceptable defect rate. However, many find this is not acceptable. Calculation of total points per yard: In 4 point system, fabric quality is evaluated by unit points/100 sq. yds . Points / 100 sq. yd. = (Total points in roll * 36 * 100)/ (Fabric length in yards * Fabric width in inches)
Normally fabric rolls containing 40 points per 100 square yards are acceptable. Example: A fabric roll of 135 yards long and 58 inches wide containing the following defects Therefore, Points / 100 sq. yd. = (30 x 36 x 100) / (135 x 58) = 13.79 points So, defect is accepted. Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!

#Gate #Tf_Gate #Tf_Gate_1991 #Textile #TextileCoach 1. Range of Maturity Ratio (M) of cotton is: 0 to 1 0 to 100 0.2 to 1.2 0.5 to 1.5 Ans: 3 2. If d is the diameter, the ratio of air flow through a fibre plug during fibre fineness measurement will be proportional to d d2 d4 1/d2 Ans: 2 3. If 6 slivers each having CV(%) of 6 are doubled, the CV(%) of the resultant sliver will be √6 6 12 25 Ans: 1 4. A 36s cotton yarn with a twist multiplier of 3.5 will have 18 TPI 21 TPI 30 TPI 36 TPI Ans: 2 We know that TPI = TM x √Count Therefore TPI = 3.5 x √36 = 21 5. When twist is increased in a Spun yarn, its strength Increases Decreases Does not change First increases and then decreases Ans: 4 6. In a tensile test, if the strain rate is increased, the apparent tensile strength of a ring spun yarn will Increases Decreases Not change Show no trend Ans: 2 7. Standard CSP value for a combed cotton yarn is 1,850 2,000 2,250 2,800 Ans: 2 For carded = 1800 {1700-1900} 8. With an increase in the friction between the yarns, the tear strength of a fabric will be Increases Decreases Not change Show no trend Ans: 2 9. Air Permeability of fabrics is generally measured with a pressure drop across fabrics equivalent to the water head of 1mm 10mm 10cm 1m Ans: 2 10. If T is the thermal insulation of each layer of fabric, the thermal insulation of two layers of fabric together will be Greater than 2T Equal to 2T Less than 2T Ans: 1 11. Indigosal O is suitable for wool since. It has good affinity for this fiber It can be applied from an alkaline bath It can be developed by means of acidified sodium nitrite. Ans: 1 12. Solamine Black is A mineral color An Oxide A Pigment Ans: 2 13. Astrazon Blue GL is recommended For dyeing acrylic fabrics with a light fastness of 7-8 For dyeing polyester For mass coloration of polypropylene Ans: 1 14. O-Nitrodiphenyl amine disperse dyes have better light fastness due to. The presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding Resonance Stability Strong dye fiber intraction Ans: 2 Fill in the blanks: The density of polypropylene in 0.91 g/cc and that of viscose is 1.52-1.49 g/cc Friacetatic fibers are soluble in Glacial Acetic Acid and Methylene Chloride at room temperature. Sisal is an example of a leaf fibre wile cotton is a seed fiber. The protein in wo ol is known as Keratin while that in silk as fibroin. The initial modulus of PET is generally Lower than Viscose while the elongation at break is higher than viscose. At standard conditions the moisture regain values of acetate and acrylic fibers are 1.32 and 1.16 respectively. The term degumming is associated with Silk fibre while retting with Jute fibers. MEG and TPA are the monomers for PET The end group is PET are COOH, OH while in ny lon are COOH, NH2 The glass transition temperature of nylon G is 50oc in dry static and 29o in water Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!

#Gate #Tf_Gate #SolvedPapers #Textile Fill in the Blanks Example of seed fibers is cotton and Kapok A cross-section of NaOH swollen cotton fibers shows a ring in the secondary wall which is better known as Lumen. The hollow Space in cotton fiber is known as Lumen while that in wool is called Medulla. The sulfur-containing amino acids in wool are cysteine and methionine. Stem fibers are also known as Bast Fibers Linen is made up of individual cells named Ultimate The monomers used in the production of PET are MEG and TDA Acrylics that contain less than 85% of acrylonitrile by weight are termed. Ziegler–Natta is the catalyst used during the polymerization of polypropylene . Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral fiber. The dilute solution viscosity of a branched polymer is Higher than that of the corresponding linear polymer in the same solvent. Anionic polymerization produces a Low molecular weight distribution in the polymer. A monomer capable of forming a six-membered ring undergoes a Side reaction. A cross-linked polymer has a high molecular weight. A redox indicator is most suitable for Suspension or Aqueous dispersion Polymerization. Benzylamine can act as a Stabilizer in polyethylene terephthalate manufacture. The degree of crystallinity can be best determined by the X-ray Diffraction technique. Besides melt spinning nylon 6 fiber may also be produced by the wet spinning method. Differential thermal analysis can be used for obtaining Tg, Tc, Tm of a polymer. Azoic colors can be prepared on the substrate. Reactive dyes form a Covalent bond with the fiber . Indigo is a Vat dye. Pigments are applied along with an Emulsion . Acrylic fibers are dyed with Cationic dyes. Rapidogen colors are a mixture of a diazoamino base and a Sodium Naphthol. A low-temperature catalyst for curing pigment colors is MgCl2 Steaming of printed polyester fabrics is carried out in a loop ager at 100-200oC. Carbonization treatment is given to printed polyester/viscose rayon fabric to dissolve Cellulosic material. True or False. Cellulose acetate can be melt spun False Wool dissolves in sulphuric acid False Cotton behaves as a cross-linked polymer True A copolymer has a lower melting temperature than that of the respective homopolymers. False Variation in relative humidity of air has no effect on the tensile characteristics of the fiber . False The displacement of an absorption band towards a longer wavelength is called redshift . True The colors that are on the textile fabrics are due to subtractive color mixing. False Optical density is the same as absorbance. False The visible region is from 300nm to 700nm. False The lightfastness is assessed with the help of a greyscale . False A diazonium compound couples with phenol at m-position. False Hydroxyl and amino groups do not influence the color and dyeing properties of azo dyes. False Can you help us improve this page? Send us your contribution at info@textilecoach.net, we will update this page and give you proper attribution!